KINDS OF TEXT AND THE EXAMPLES
1. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
Description Text
A description is a piece of writing that lists the characteristics of a person, place, or thing. It describes living and non living things such as animal, towns, buildings, volcanoes, cars etc.
Text organization
Identification
This part introduces where or who the subject being described is.
Description
It is supporting part of the paragraph which describes in detail the reader to see or to feel the subject
Communicative purpose
To describe a particular person, place, animal, and thing.
Language features related to description text
Adjectives
Pronoun
Verbs
Adverbs
Prepositions
Present tense
Types of description text
Autobiographies
Magazine (car magazine, fashion magazine, travel magazine, etc)
Specifications (state what kind and characteristic of materials be used, etc)
Example
Panda
Because of its size and strength, a panda is a potentially frightful and awesome beast. But its clumsy and uncoordinated ways make it an awkward and defensive creature. It fumbles along, pigeon-toed, in an ungraceful, diagonal walk. It is rarely urge from this lumbering pace. Only a young panda, or a panda in desperate fight will venture to climb a tree. And once it has reached the top, it becomes an even greater task to get down.
Despite its aloof manner and clumsiness, the giant panda has won a reputation as a loving and adorable creature. With its big, furry head, gentle, flat face, and dark-ringed, sad, eyes, the giant panda is irresistible. Its lopsided movements and its timidity have endeared to countless friends and admirers at zoos around the world.
2. RECOUNT TEXT
A recount is a piece of writing that tells event in a chronological sequence. Recounts tell the reader what happened. They retell a past event.
1. Text organization
Orientation This part is present the background information on who, when and where of the event.
Event I
Event II
Event III
The events are presented in chronological order.
Re-orientation
The writer may provide an opinion of what has happened.
Communicative purpose
To record an event happened in the past
Language feature
Action verbs
Adjectives
Pronouns
Adverbs
Punctuation
Past tense
Type or recount text
Article
Police report
Newspaper reports
Historical accounts
Letters
Journals
Incident reports
Diary entries
Example
Sticky Fingers
After breakfast, I sent the children to school and then I went to market. It was still early when I return home. The children were at school, my husband was at work and the house was quite. I decided to make some tarts for tea. In a short time, I was busy exactly than moment, the telephone rang. I picked up the receiver between two sticky fingers and was dismayed when I recognized the voice. It was Mrs. Bates. It took me ten minutes to persuade her to ring back later. At last I hung up the receiver. There was pastry on my fingers, on the telephone, and on the door knobs. Suddenly, the bell rang, very loudly. This time it was the postman. He wanted me to sign for a registered letter. What a mess!
3. PROCEDURE TEXT
Procedure
A procedure is a piece of writing which consists of instruction in the form of steps to enable the readers to follow.
Procedure help us do a task or make something. they can be a set of instruction or directions.
Text organization
• Title
Name of the things made
• Goal
An opening statement with an objective
• Material and equipment needed
List of material or items needed
• Steps
A series of steps listed in a logical order which will be carried out to achieve the goal
• Communicative purpose
To tell in sequential order the steps taken in doing or making thing/How to make things
Language features
• Adjectives
• Imperative verbs
• Nouns
• Present tense
Types of procedure text
• Recipe
• Instruction manual
• Science experiment
Example
COOKING RICE
There are three ways of cooking rice. Let me tell you the first way to cook rice you will need some rice and water. Now these are the five-steps of cooking rice.
First rinse the rice in cold water. Like this right. Secondly then, put the rice with some water in a pot. Then, boil it. Next, cook it for about 20 minutes.
See, there is no water now. After that, put the rice into the steamer and steam the rice for about 45 minutes. Finally the rice is ready to be served now.
4. NARRATIVE TEXT
Narrative text is organized by using story grammar. Story grammar is the knowledge of how stories are organized with the beginning of the story containing the setting, the characters, and character problems. The middle of narrative is organized around a plot. The plot includes a series of episodes that are written by the author to hold our attention and build excitement as the story progresses.
The plot contains an initiating event, the event that starts that main character off on a series of events to solve the problem, a series of events in which the main character attempts to solve the problem. The excitement builds until the climax, the high point in the story where the problem is solved.
Included in these events may be some roadblocks that the character encounters while attempting to solve the problem. These roadblocks are setbacks for the character. During these events the excitement of the story builds as the character goes about solving the problem.
A story ends on a resolution (the solving problem), as seen in the following:
Beginning : setting, character, and problem
Middle : initiating event, subsequent events, roadblocks, rising excitement and climax
End : resolution and ending.
The generic structure of narrative text
Narrative text is a piece of writing that tells a story. The story can be imaginary or based on a real incident.
Text organization
• Orientation : the setting of the story and introduces the characters involved.
• complication : there is an event or a sequence of events that lead the characters into a complication. Tension starts to build up to a climax, and this draws anticipation in the reader.
• Resolution : the problem starts to get resolved. Sometimes the story ends happily or vice versa, and at other times the resolution is left for the readers to decide.
Communicative purpose of narrative text
To entertain the readers
To amuse
Language features
Action verbs
Adjectives
Pronouns
Adverbs
Punctuations
Past tense
Direct and indirect
Focus on specific and individualized participants
Types of narrative text
Fable
Fairy tales
Folktale
Historical story
Example.
Once upon a time a hawk fell in love with a hen.
The hawk flew down from the sky and asked the hen, “won’t you marry me?”
The hen loved the brave, strong hawk and wishes to marry him. But she said, “I cannot flay as high as you can. If you give me time, I may learn to as high as you. Then, we can fly together.
The hawk agreed. Before he went away, he gave the hen a ring. “This is to show that you have promised to marry me, “said the hawk.
So it happened that the hen had already promised to marry a rooster. So, when the rooster saw the ring, he became very angry. “Throw that ring away at once! Didn’t tell the hawk that you’d already promised to marry me?” shouted the rooster. The hen was so frightened at the rooster’s anger that she threw away the ring immediately.
When the hawk came the next day, the told him the truth. The next day, the hen told him the truth. The hawk was so furious that he cursed the hen. “Why didn’t you tell me earlier? Now, you’ll always be scratching the earth, and I’ll always be flying above you to catch your children,” said the hawk.
The curse seems to have come true.
5. REPORT TEXT
A report provides factual information about a specific subject like social phenomenon, natural, and man-made. The factual information provided in report text is objective.
Text organization
General classification : Opening statement that introduces the subject
Description : Supporting paragraphs that describe the subject in detail in order to assist the readers to get more knowledge about the subject (parts, qualities, Habit/behaviour).
Communicative purpose : To inform about a specific subject
Language feature
Adjectives
Adverbs
Pronouns
Simple present tense
Types of the report text
Reference books
Science report
Weather reports
Example of the text
WHAT IS THUNDER AND LIGHTING
Lighting is a sudden, violent flash of electricity between a cloud and the ground, or from cloud to cloud. A lightening flash, or bolt, can be several miles long. It is so hot, with an average tempereature of 34,000 Centigrade that the air around it suddenly expands with a loud blast. This is the thunder we hear.
Lightning occurs in hot, wet storms. Moist air is driven up to a great height. It forms a type of cloud called cumulo-nimbus. When the cloud rises high enough the moisture freezes and ice crystals and snowflakes are formed. These begin to fall, turning to train on the way down. This rain meets more moist air rising and it is the friction between them which produces static electricity. When a cloud is fully charged with this electricity, it discharges it as a lightning flash.
Text source: Peter Haddock Ltd., Ref. 083
6. ANECDOTE TEXT
Anecdote is a piece of writing that tells past events the text like narrative text in that you have to write story.
Text organization
Abstract : signals the retelling of an unusual incident
Orientation : sets the scene
Crisis : provides details of an unusual incident
Reaction : reaction to crisis
Coda: optional, reflection on or evaluation of the incident
Communicative purpose
To entertain the reader
To amuse
Laguage features
Action verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Puctuations
Simple past tense
Verbs of thinking and feeling
Causal connective
Use of excalmations, rhetorical question and intensifiers (really, very, quite, etc)
Example:
Ted Robinson has been worried all the week. (Abstract)
Last Tuesday he received a letter from the local police (Orientation)
Ted wondered why he was wanted by the police, but he went to the station yesterday and now he is not worried anymore. (Crisis)
At the station, he was told by a smiling policeman that his bicycle had been found. Five days ago, the policeman told him, the bicycle was pick up in a small village four hundred miles away. It is now being sent to his home by train. (Reaction)
Ted was most surprised when he heard the news. He was amused too, because he never expected the bicycle to be found. It was stolen twenty years ago when Ted was a boy of fifteen. (Coda)
Text source: Materi Pelatihan Terintegrasi Buku 2 Departemen Pendidikan Nasional 2005
7. SPOOF TEXT
A spoof is an amusing story that tells events in chronological sequence. It is a humorous story with a twist or unexpected ending.
Text organization
Orientation : Presents the background information of the story; who, when and where the story happened.
Events : The body tells the events that took place in order.
Twist/ unexpected ending : The event ends with an unexpected turn.
Communicative purpose
To entertain the reader with an amusing story
Language features
Action verbs
Adjectives
Pronouns
Adverbs
Punctuations
Connectors to do with time and sequence
Simple present tense
Type of spoof text
Short story
Dialog writing
Example
One day a farmer, who was well-known in his village as a very mean man, said, “I will give three meals and twenty five pence to anyone who is willing to do a day’s work for me.” This offer was accepted by a hungry tramp, who was more interested in the meals than the money.
“you can have your breakfast first,” said the farmer,” and then you can start working.” The farmer gave the tramp a very small breakfast and the tramp ate it up.
“Now you can have your lunch. This will save us a lot of time,” the farmer said. The tramp agreed and ate the poor lunch.
Before he had finished, the farmer said,” what would you say to having supper also while you are about it?”
“I will try to enjoy another meal,” replied the tramp. Then he had his supper, which again was not very filling meal. When it was over, the farmer looked very pleased and said, “ Now you can do a long day’s work.”
“No, thank you, “ was the tramp’s reply, as he rose to leave,” I never work after supper.”
Text source: Tops Siap Ujian Nasional Bahasa Inggris SMA
8. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
An important part of analytical exposition is the analysis of the text or issue. In this type of text, the writer tries to convince the readers to agree with the writer’s point of view.
Text organization
Thesis : introduces topic and indicates writer’s position. The writer also outlines the main argument to be presented
Argument: shows a series of arguments that support the thesis.
Reiteration : in this stage, the writer restates his/her point of view.
Communicative purpose
To put forward a poin of view or argument.
Language features
Simple present tense
Passive voice
Modal auxiliary
Connectors
Type of analytical exposition texts
Newspaper editorials
Debate speech
Example
SMOKING SHOULD BE BANNED IN PUBLIC AREA
As we all know smoking should be banned in public areas. It creates pollution and causes many kinds of disease. These are among others, lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic bronchitis emphysema and breast cancer for women.
There are many side effects of smoking cigarettes. Firstly, smoking presents a hazard to health. Smoke from the average cigarette contains around 4000 chemicals, some of which are highly toxic and at least 43 which cause cancer.
Secondly, nicotine, a major constituent of tobacco smoke, is both poisonous and highly additive. It contains noxious chemical substances, which can damage our health.
Thirdly, smoking makes the environment dirty, especially because of its ash. If inhaled, we will suffer from coughs, difficult breathing, or asthmatic diseases.
In conclusion, smoking should be banned in public areas.
9. HORTATORY EXPOSITION
A hortatory exposition is a piece of writing that persuades the readers to accept the writer’s point of view. The writer has to lead the readers to agree with his views by showing the information in a logical way. The writer focuses on own constructive response to the issue and draws the readers to agree with his argument.
Text organization
Thesis : present an introduction of the issue concerned in an opening statement.
Arguments : presents the reasonable arguments of the issue to convince and lead the readers to believe writer’s point of view
Recommendation : reinforces the writer’s point of view by evoking feeling in the reader’s and directs readers to follow or agree with the writer’s recommendation
Communicative purpose
To persuade the readers to agree with the writer.
Language features
Simple present tense
Passive voice
Modal auxiliary
Verb and verb phrases
Connectors
Types of hortatory text
Political speech
Advertisements
Newspaper editorials
Example
Integrated pest management
There is no one best way to deal with pests in agriculture. Pesticides are commonly used, but this may cause many problems.
First, the chemicals in pesticides may build up as residues in the environment. This reduces the quality of farm’s products. As well, pests can gradually become resistant to pesticides. This means what newer and stronger ones have to be developed. Some pesticides also affect non target animals such as fish and bees. This affects natural balance.
Two wipe out agricultural pests completely may be very expensive. Sometimes, pest damage costs less than the method of control.
Finally, understanding the ecology of the area will help a lot in a pest control. Natural enemies can be used to control pests. In other words, it can be said that an integrated pest management is safer and more effective to be used as a solution to deal with pests in agriculture.
10. EXPLANATION TEXT
An explanation is a piece of writing that gives straightforward information. It explains the processes relate to the formation of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomenon. Ex. How volcano eruption occurs, or how to prevent bone fracture at a old age.
Text organization
General statement : this part presents the subject that is going to be explained.
Explanation : the supporting paragraphs are known as explanation. The explanation statements are in chronological order to illustrate how the subject came in to existence how it works.
Communicative purpose
To enable the reader to understand the process involved in the formation or the working of a phenomenon.
Language feature
Simple present tense
Passive voice
Action verbs
Punctuation
Conjunction of time and cause effect
Adverbs phrases
Noun phrases
Technical terms
General and abstract nouns
Types of explanation
Reports of natural phenomenon
Articles on scientific inventions
Documentary films
Example
Oil deposits lie hidden deep beneath the surface of the earth. They have to be searched for. The oil production process involves several steps.
First, exploration teams are sent by the oil companies to several regions to search for oil deposits. If the exploration shows good results, the company decides to drill a well. Thus, the production phase begins.
At the beginning of the production phase, gas pressure causes the crude oil gush out with great force. After some time, the gas pressure is less than a pumping station must be built to bring up the oil.
Then, crude oil has to be transported to a refinery where the crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, lubricants and asphalt. Further processing gives aviation fuel, greases, fertilizers, insecticides, man-made fibers, and many other things.
The rising demand for oil products keeps the oil companies busy exploring new oil fields and drilling new wells.
Text source: Siap UN Bahasa Inggris SMA
11. DISCUSSION TEXT
A discussion is a place of writing that explores both sides of an issue. In discussion text the writer tries to present the pros and cons or advantages of an issue to allow the readers to reach a logical conclusion. The writer should always try to give an impersonal and balanced view.
Text organization
Issue : this part introduces the topic and previews the arguments that the rest of paragraphs expand upon.
Arguments for : arguments for is positive argument or agreement with the issue.
Arguments againts : arguments againts is negative or in disagreement with the issue.
Conclusion or recommendation : the closing is a brief summming up of the issue explored or the writer’s own opinion
Communicative purpose
To present argument from different points of view
To present opinions from different points of view
To present information from different points of view
Language features
Relating verbs
Thinking verbs
General nouns
Abstract nouns
Conjunction
Modality
Adverb of manner
Types of discussion text
Newspaper editorial
Debates
Journals
Thesis
Example
Nowadays, the police have been applying the new regulation concerning the use of seat belts. In European countries, this regulation has been applied for a long time. However, this new regulation has become controversial and is an interesting topic to discuss. Here are some of the arguments.
The use of seat belts has been proven to reduce the risk of injury or death in an accident. Seat belts have become a standard component in cars.
The research shows that most car accidents will cause an injury to the head. Frequently, drivers or the passangers driving without seat belts die because of this. By wearing seat belts, the injury will not happen since the seat belts restrain our body on the car seat when an accident happens.
Unfortunately, many cars, especially the old ones, don’t have seat belts. This is because the traffic conditions in the past were unlike the recent traffic conditions. The designer of old cars didn’t consider a seat belt as an important part. Besides, the drivers wearing the seat belts will think that they are completely safe, so they may drive careslessly. They are safe, indeed, but how about the safety of others?
The seat belt is only one of the ways to reduce the risks of car accidents. It doesn’t mean that we are completely safe. In short, our safety depends on ourseves.
Text course: Kiat sukses UN 2007
12. DISCUSSION TEXT
A discussion is a place of writing that explores both sides of an issue. In discussion text the writer tries to present the pros and cons or advantages of an issue to allow the readers to reach a logical conclusion. The writer should always try to give an impersonal and balanced view.
Text organization
Issue : this part introduces the topic and previews the arguments that the rest of paragraphs expand upon.
Arguments for : arguments for is positive argument or agreement with the issue.
Arguments againts : arguments againts is negative or in disagreement with the issue.
Conclusion or recommendation : the closing is a brief summming up of the issue explored or the writer’s own opinion
Communicative purpose
To present argument from different points of view
To present opinions from different points of view
To present information from different points of view
Language features
Relating verbs
Thinking verbs
General nouns
Abstract nouns
Conjunction
Modality
Adverb of manner
Types of discussion text
Newspaper editorial
Debates
Journals
Thesis
Example
Nowadays, the police have been applying the new regulation concerning the use of seat belts. In European countries, this regulation has been applied for a long time. However, this new regulation has become controversial and is an interesting topic to discuss. Here are some of the arguments.
The use of seat belts has been proven to reduce the risk of injury or death in an accident. Seat belts have become a standard component in cars.
The research shows that most car accidents will cause an injury to the head. Frequently, drivers or the passangers driving without seat belts die because of this. By wearing seat belts, the injury will not happen since the seat belts restrain our body on the car seat when an accident happens.
Unfortunately, many cars, especially the old ones, don’t have seat belts. This is because the traffic conditions in the past were unlike the recent traffic conditions. The designer of old cars didn’t consider a seat belt as an important part. Besides, the drivers wearing the seat belts will think that they are completely safe, so they may drive careslessly. They are safe, indeed, but how about the safety of others?
The seat belt is only one of the ways to reduce the risks of car accidents. It doesn’t mean that we are completely safe. In short, our safety depends on ourseves.
Text course: Kiat sukses UN 2007
13. REVIEW TEXT
A review is a piece of writing that critiques or critically analyzes artwork for public audience.
Text organization
Orientation : background information on the text
Interpretative recount : summary of an artworks (including characters and plot)
Evaluation : concluding statement (judgment, opinion, and recommendation). It can consists more than one.
Evaluative summation : the last opinion consisting the appraisal or punch line of the artworks being criticized.
Communicative purpose
To critique an art work or event for a public audience
Language features
Action verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Pronouns
Connectors to do with time and sequence
Simple present tense
Type of review text
Movie
TV shows
Books
Drama/plays
Opera
Songs
Exhibitions
Concerts
Ballets
Example
King Kong
The movie is about a huge ape that stands 7,6 meters tall and weighs 3,600 kilograms. The movie last for three hours of viewing pleasure. Briefly, the remake of King Kong involved over 5.000 computers with the processing power of more than 15.000 PCs that created effects shots.
This project consumed so much electricity at the special effects hours. Weta Digital, that the company had to build a special substantion to prevent any electrical disruption to the residents in the vicinity.
The director of the movie is Peter Jackson, the renowned. Director of the lord of the Rings trilogy. Jackson is determined not just remake giant King Kong but to present the classical feature of the creature. There are plenty of special effects rooted in this epic movie that are in the visual magic made possible only via the celluloid medium.
The story is about Ann (played by Naomi Watts) who falls in love with a scriptwriter, Jack Driscoll (played by Andrien Brody). They go through hell when the natives catch her and offer her to King Kong as a sacrifice.
The most thrilling part of the movie is seeing the giant ape battling againts T-Rex and other assorted monsters with his bare hands. Instead of battering two monsters, a giant snake and a T-Rexes like before, King Kong now has to fight againts T-Rexes. Three is a part cleverly set for all the creature, including Ann, to fall through and land in a vine-laden canyon.
The natural movement of King Kong eyes, giant feet, shoulders and hand gerstures are trademarks of the legendary mountain gorilla. King Kong may have gradually changed his physical structure, but the ape characteristic remain intact.
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