Belajar Grammar Penggunaan Present Perfect tense dan Since and For

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Present perfect adalah bentuk waktu yang menunjukan kegiatan atau aktifitas yang terjadi atau tidak terjadi sebelum sekarang atau pada waktu tertentu di waktu lampau atau telah terjadi (something happened before now at an unspecified time.

Contoh:
Tamzil has already eaten lunch.
Rima hasn't eaten lunch yet.
Have you ever eaten at that restaurant?

Tamzil makan siang (eaten lunch) dari waktu yang lampau. Waktunya tidak disebutkan tapi bukan itu pokok permasalahannya melainkan bahwa Tamzil makan di waktu lampau sebelum sekarang.
Suatu aktifitas juga dapat terulang dua atau beberapa kali pada waktu sebelum sekarang, waktu yang tidak spesifik di waktu lampau.

Contoh:
Roni has eaten at that restaurant many times.
I have eaten there twice.

Present  pefect juga dapat diartikan sebagai aktifitas yang terjadi diwaktu lampau dan berlangsung hingga sekarang. Ketika present perfect menggunakan since dan for hal ini menunjukan bahwa aktifitas tersebut terjadi diwaktu lampau dan berlangsung hingga sekarang. Berikut penjelasan tentang since dan for

Penggunaan Since and For

Since mengungkapkan sesuatu yang terjadi pada waktu yang spesifik di waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung hingga sekarang. Since diikuti oleh waktu yang spesifik seperti an hour, a day, a month, a year, etc.

I have been here Since eight o’clock
                                    Tuesday
                                    May
                                    1999
                                    January 3, 2001
                                    Yesterday
                                    Last month


Since juga digunakan pada kalimat bentuk present perfect

I have lived here since may 
I have been here since may
I am living here since may (salah)
I live here since may  (salah)
I lived here since may (salah)
I was here since may (salah)



Since juga di gunakan untuk time clause

I have lived here (present perfect) since i was a child (clausa yang menunjukan waktu kejadian)
Al has met many people (present perferct) since he came here (clausa yang menunjukan waktu kejadian)
 

For digunakan untuk mengungkapkan satu periode waktu

Contoh : satu jam, dua hari, tiga minggu, empat bulan

I have been here for ten minutes
                           For two hours
                                  Five days
                                  About three weeks
                                  Almost six months
                                  Many years
                                  a long time


Penggunaan present perfect pada sebuah kalimat dengan for dengan satu periode waktu bermakna bahwa waktu terjadinya pada waktu lampau dan masih terjadi hingga sekarang.

Contoh

I have lived here for two years. I moved here two years ago, and I still live here.
I lived in athens for two years. I don’t live in athens now

Penggunaan past tense bermakna bahwa terjadinya di waktu lampau dan berakhir di waktu lampau pula.



FORMULA PRESENT PERFECT


(STATEMENT: have/has + past participle )

Contoh:

I have finished my work
The students have finished the homework
Yongki has eaten lunch. 

(Negative: Have/has + not + Past participle)


Contoh:

I have not finished my work
Siti has not eaten lunch.

(Question: Have/has + subject + past participle)

Contoh:
Have you finished your work? 
Has Dev eaten lunch?
How long have you lived here?

Jawaban
Yes, I have
No, I haven't
Yes, he has.
No, he hasn't


PAST PARTICIPLE
Past participle adalah bagian dari verb atau kata kerja yang biasa digunakan pada present perfect atau past perfect tense. Pada kata kerja beraturan atau regular verb past participle menambahkan ed pada kata kerja sederhana atau simple form. Pada kata kerja tidak beraturan atau irregular verb bentuk past participle dapat berbeda dengan kata kerja bentuk awal nya.

Contoh

REGULAR VERB	Simple Form	Simple Past	Past Participle
	Finish	Finished	Finished
	Play	Played	Played
	Cook	Cooked	Cooked
IRREGULAR VERB	See	Saw	Seen
	Make	Made	Made
	Run	Ran	Run
	Forget	Forgot	Forgot

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Definition and The Example of News Item for Learning Text

NEWS ITEM

A news item is a piece of writing about an important event or situation that takes place or happens on particularly day.

Text organization

Newsworthy event :It is about the country, city, place where the event took place. Then information on who, when, and the actual location of the events is presented.

Background event : This part is news item which tells in chronological order the events that took place.

Source : the end of event start comments from the public, like the witnesses, the police or the experts are usually included.

Communicative purpose

To inform the reader, listener, and viewer of the details an event, accident and incident that has take place.

Language features

Action verbs

Adjectives

Pronouns

Adverbs

Connectors to do with time and sequence

Simple present tense

Simple past tense

Type of news item

News item (informative articles)

Example:

SINGAPORE: A supervisor was jailed for two months for repeatedly striking his indonesian maid on the head and back with a television remote control, news reports said on Thursday.

Muhammad Shafiq Woon Abdullah admitted in Singapore court. He physically abused the woman on several occasion between June and October 2002. The Straits Times said.

The magistrate’s court heard that Shafiq, 31: began striking Winarti, 22, about a month after she started working for him.

He hit her on the head with the TV set’s remote control because he was unhappy with her work. On one occasion, he punched her on the back after accusing her of daydreaming.

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Review Text Definition and The Example

REVIEW TEXT

A review is a piece of writing that critiques or critically analyzes artwork for public audience.

Text organization

Orientation : background information on the text

Interpretative recount : summary of an artworks (including characters and plot)

Evaluation : concluding statement (judgment, opinion, and recommendation). It can consists more than one.

Evaluative summation : the last opinion consisting the appraisal or punch line of the artworks being criticized.

Communicative purpose

To critique an art work or event for a public audience

Language features

Action verbs

Adjectives

Adverbs

Pronouns

Connectors to do with time and sequence

Simple present tense

Type of review text

Movie

TV shows

Books

Drama/plays

Opera

Songs

Exhibitions

Concerts

Ballets

Example

King Kong

The movie is about a huge ape that stands 7,6 meters tall and weighs 3,600 kilograms. The movie last for three hours of viewing pleasure. Briefly, the remake of King Kong involved over 5.000 computers with the processing power of more than 15.000 PCs that created effects shots.

This project consumed so much electricity at the special effects hours. Weta Digital, that the company had to build a special substation to prevent any electrical disruption to the residents in the vicinity.

The director of the movie is Peter Jackson, the renowned. Director of the lord of the Rings trilogy. Jackson is determined not just remake giant King Kong but to present the classical feature of the creature. There are plenty of special effects rooted in this epic movie that are in the visual magic made possible only via the celluloid medium.

The story is about Ann (played by Naomi Watts) who falls in love with a scriptwriter, Jack Driscoll (played by  Andrien Brody). They go through hell when the natives catch her and offer her to King Kong as a sacrifice.

The most thrilling part of the movie is seeing the giant ape battling againts T-Rex and other assorted monsters with his bare hands. Instead of battering two monsters, a giant snake and a T-Rexes like before, King Kong now has to fight against T-Rexes. Three is a part cleverly set for all the creature, including Ann, to fall through and land in a vine-laden canyon.

The natural movement of King Kong eyes, giant feet, shoulders and hand gerstures are trademarks of the legendary mountain gorilla. King Kong may have gradually changed his physical structure, but the ape characteristic remain intact.

text source: Creative English Workbook For SMA Year XII

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